by: [OE] By comes from a prehistoric Germanic *bi, which appears ultimately to be the same form as the second syllable of Latin ambi- (as in ambidextrous), Greek amphí (as in amphitheatre), and Old English ymbe, all of which meant ‘on both sides, round’. The original meaning of by thus seems to be ‘close to, near’. By is the basis of the prefix be-, as in befall and belong.
by (prep.)
Old English be- (unstressed) or bi (stressed) "near, in, by, during, about," from Proto-Germanic *bi "around, about" (cognates: Old Saxon and Old Frisian bi "by near," Middle Dutch bie, Dutch bij, German bei "by, at, near," Gothic bi "about"), from *umbi (cognate with second element in PIE *ambhi "around;" see ambi-).
Originally an adverbial particle of place, in which sense it is retained in place names (Whitby, Grimsby, etc.). Elliptical use for "secondary course" (opposed to main, as in byway, also compare by-blow "illegitimate child," 1590s) was in Old English. This also is the sense of the second by in the phrase by the by (1610s). By the way literally means "in passing by" (mid-14c.); used figuratively to introduce a tangential observation by 1540s.
Phrase by and by (early 14c.) originally meant "one by one," modern sense is from 1520s. By and large (1660s) originally was nautical, "sailing to the wind and off it," hence "in one direction then another."
实用例句
1. Doctors are complaining about being barraged by drug-company salesmen.
医生们抱怨他们疲于应付医药公司的销售人员。来自柯林斯例句
2. He was hand-picked for this job by the Admiral.
他是由海军上将精心挑选出来担任这项工作的。来自柯林斯例句
3. Barry had his nose put out of joint by Lucy's aloof sophistication.
露西的冷淡与世故使得巴里十分不快。来自柯林斯例句
4. Nora was deflowered by a man who worked in a soda-water factory.
在汽水厂工作的一个男子夺去了诺拉的童贞。来自柯林斯例句
5. You can improve your chances of profit by sensible planning.
